before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the deepwater oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses and with mass and surface area similar to the Mars, which has a very similar rotation period and axial tilt to Earth, suggesting the planets were once in geosynchronous orbits before formation of the deepwater oceans.

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Before the oceans the planetary field captured electrons from the solar wind which transformed into mantle elements with protons transformed from photons which increased mantle mass under the lithosphere which draped the mantle in an unbroken rocky shell stretched flat by internal pressure and punctuated by volcanoes which relieved internal pressure and increased planetary surface area by volcanic eruptions.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

Titanium deposits only on the near side of the moon suggest the near side surface may have been heated by atmospheric friction before an impact with Earth knocked Earth out of geo-synchronous orbit with Mars, and the planets into orbits closer to and farther from the sun. Evidence the impact knocked Earth into a closer solar orbit is before the extinction Earth’s climate was temperate with boreal forests, ice caps and lengthy ice ages. After the extinction the climate was tropical without ice caps or ice ages.

The impact causing the extinction shattered the lithosphere into plates and created a depression which became the seabed of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean plates have been spreading for 250 million years and the Atlantic plates have been spreading for 65 million years which has increased planetary surface area two and a half times since the beginning of the Mesozoic.

Atlantic Ocean
North America – Eurasia — 20–30 km/Myr
South America – Africa — 30–40 km/Myr
Africa – Antarctica — 20–30 km/Myr
Arctic Ocean
North America – Eurasia — 10–20 km/Myr
Indian Ocean
Africa – Antarctica — 10–20 km/Myr
Africa – Indo-Australian plate — 50–60 km/Myr
Australia – Antarctica — 60–70 km/Myr
Arabia – Africa — 20–30 km/Myr
Pacific Ocean
Pacific – Nazca — 40–160 km/Myr
Pacific – Cocos — 80–90 km/Myr
Pacific – Antarctic — 70–100 km/Myr
Nazca – Antarctic — 70–80 km/Myr
Pacific – Juan de Fuca — 55–65 km/Myr

The tenfold increase in planetary mass has increased surface gravity 2.5 times since the beginning of the Mesozoic era , allowing terrestrial plants and animals to grow to prodigious sizes in reduced gravity.

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.