Mesozoic

THE MESOZOIC ERA

The spread rates of the oceanic plates, which spread apart approximatly 25 km/million years, suggests the Pacific ocean began formation at the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, when an impact shattered the lithosphere and created the seabed. The Atlantic Ocean began formation at the end of the Mesozoic, when a meteor puntured the lithosphere, created the Gulf of Mexico, and stress cracks which spread north and south from the impact separating the Americas from Europe and Africa.

Before the deepwater oceans electrons captured by the solar wind were conducted from electrified land surfaces slowly through the lithosphere along ferrous conductors, the magma tubes of volcanoes and the electrolyte discharge from geothermal vents which filled and fertilized the shallow continental oceans.

During the Mesozoic the continental oceans drained into the growing Pacific Ocean seabed and electrified weather systems charged the oceans induced a voltage potential across the lithosphere powering high amperage ring currents through the electrolyte discharge from geothermal vents which filled and fertilized the growing ocean basins.

The increase in amperage of core electric currents from the deepwater oceans compared to the amperage from land surfaces increased the mass transformed from electrons and positrons into mantle elements under the seabed by several orders of magnitude faster than under land surfaces and spreading of the oceanic plates relieved internal pressure powering volcanoes.

The Ring of Fire is a tectonic belt of volcanoes and earthquakes about 40,000 km long and up to 500 km wide which surrounds most of the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire contains between 750 and 915 active or dormant volcanoes, around two-thirds of the world total. About 90% of the world’s earthquakes, including most of its largest, occur within the belt.

Surface gravity has increased two and a half times since the beginning of the Mesozoic Era when planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses.

T-Rex and a large male elephant are about the same mass, but with very different architectures. Elephants use four column like legs, and feet with maximum surface area touching the ground, to support the same mass as T-Rex with two legs and a fraction of the surface area of their feet spreading their weight.

At the beginning of the Mesozoic era, when Earth’s mass was 10% and gravity was 40% of present day, T-Rex would have been the same mass but less than half the weight jn present day gravity

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. This is the maximum weight limit for a flying animal, and only a few other azhdarchids come close.

Pelagornis sandersi – a newly discovered extinct species of bird that lived in what is now North America about 28 million years ago – 48 pounds (21.8 kilograms) it is the largest flying bird ever found, says Dr Daniel Ksepka, a paleontologist with Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut.

The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. The males normally weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms, but some can reach 21 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.

The Bustard is a ground dwelling bird, hence the name Bustard, which means to walk. Because of their very heavy nature and build, Kori’s rarely fly and only when necessary. Because of their infrequency with flying, they have been categorized under the flightless bird category among the Ostrich and emu.

Brachiosaurus (Late Jurassic, around 154-150 million years ago) – Known for its long neck and large size, Brachiosaurus could reach around 80-85 feet in length.

Diplodocus (Late Jurassic, around 154-150 million years ago) – A long-necked herbivore that could reach lengths of up to 85-90 feet.

Apatosaurus (Late Jurassic, around 152-151 million years ago) – Previously known as Brontosaurus, Apatosaurus could reach up to 75 feet in length.

Stegosaurus (Late Jurassic, around 155-150 million years ago) – Not one of the largest, but notable for its distinctive plates and spikes, reaching up to 30 feet in length.

Allosaurus (Late Jurassic, around 155-150 million years ago) – A large predator reaching lengths of up to 40-45 feet.

Sauroposeidon (Early Cretaceous, around 110-100 million years ago) – Possibly one of the tallest dinosaurs, reaching lengths of up to 100 feet.

Iguanodon (Early Cretaceous, around 126-125 million years ago) – An early herbivore reaching lengths of about 33-40 feet.

Camarasaurus (Late Jurassic, around 155-150 million years ago) – A long-necked dinosaur similar in size to Diplodocus, reaching up to 70 feet.

Therizinosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 70 million years ago) – Known for its massive claws, reaching lengths of up to 33 feet.

Giganotosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 98 million years ago) – A giant predator rivaling T. rex, reaching lengths of around 40-43 feet.

Spinosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 112-93 million years ago) – One of the largest known carnivorous dinosaurs, reaching up to 50-60 feet in length.

Carcharodontosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 100-93 million years ago) – Another large predator, reaching lengths of up to 40-44 feet.

Tyrannosaurus rex (Late Cretaceous, around 68-66 million years ago) – One of the most famous predators, reaching lengths of about 40-42 feet.

Saurolophus (Late Cretaceous, around 76-73 million years ago) – A large hadrosaur, or duck-billed dinosaur, reaching lengths of about 33 feet.

Edmontosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 73-66 million years ago) – Another large hadrosaur, reaching lengths of up to 40 feet.

Ankylosaurus (Late Cretaceous, around 68-66 million years ago) – Known for its heavily armored body and clubbed tail, reaching about 30 feet in length.

Triceratops (Late Cretaceous, around 68-66 million years ago) – A large ceratopsid with three horns, reaching lengths of about 30 feet.

Maiasaura (Late Cretaceous, around 76-75 million years ago) – A large hadrosaur, reaching up to 30 feet in length.

Parasaurolophus (Late Cretaceous, around 76-73 million years ago) – Notable for its long, curved cranial crest, reaching up to 33 feet in length.

Monolophosaurus (Middle Jurassic, around 170 million years ago) – A large predator with a single crest on its head, reaching lengths of about 20-25 feet.