before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the deepwater oceans Earth’s surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental landmasses. The lithosphere covered the planet in an unbroken rocky shell streached flat by internal pressure from transformation of electrons and positrons into atoms, puntuated by volcanoes which increased planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere with magma eruptions.

The late Paleozoic Ice Age was an ice age that began in the Late Devonian and ended in the Late Permian occurring from 360 to 255 million years ago when large land-based ice-sheets were present on Earth’s surface.

The spread rates suggest formation of the Pacific Ocean began after the Permian extinction when an impact may have shattered the lithosphere into plates creating a depression forming the ocean seabed. Dryer conditions, after the extinction, supports the suposition creation of the seabed drained the shallow continental oceans. Warmer cconditions after the extinction supports the supposition the impact knocked Earth into an orbit closer to the sun.

The temperatures, both on land and in the ocean, were much higher than during the Permian, and climates were more tropical in nature. Despite this, the seas were lower, and overall the Mesozoic Era was dryer than the Paleozoic Era. There were more deserts and less marshland.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface, obtained from NASA’s Clementine spacecraft; red indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We managed to mimic the high-Ti basalts in the lab using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

Tungston deposits on the near side of the moon supports the supposition the lunar surface was heated by atmospheric friction before the impact with Earth which caused the Permian extincton, shattered the lithosphere, and knocked Earth into an orbit closer to the sun.

Earth and Mars have similar axial tilts and rotation periods which supports the supposition that before the extinction, the planets were in geosynchronous orbits when Earth was closer to the orbit of Mars and the planets were similar in mass.

ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Earth is held in solar orbit by solar gravity, a vector force pointing toward the center of solar mass. Earth’s orbital angular momentum, a vector force pointing away from the center of solar mass, balances solar gravity and is equal to the product of Earth’s mass, orbital velocity, and the radius of Earth’s orbit around the sun.

The Late Cenozoic Ice Age has seen extensive ice sheets in Antarctica for the last 34 Ma. During the last 3 Ma, ice sheets have also developed on the northern hemisphere. That phase is known as the Quaternary glaciation, and was marked by more or less extensive glaciation. They first appeared with a dominant frequency of 41,000 years, but after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition that changed to high-amplitude cycles, with an average period of 100,000 years.

Earth’s mass has increased tenfold, which had a multiplier effect increasing Earth’s orbital momentum tenfold and increased the radius of Earth’s solar orbit since the beginning of the Mesozoic Era. This supposition is supported by the lack of glaciation during the Mesozoic era and recent return of ice ages which are getting longer.

THE MESOZOIC ERA