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ATMOSPHERIC SUPER-ROTATION Let’s talk about the high velocity ring current around Jupiter of heavy ions ejected from Io’s volcanos which appears to be pushing Io in the direction of Jupiter’s rotation. Is this powered by an electric field component induce by the rotation of Jupiter’s field? Jupiter rotates in about 10 hours, and its magnetosphere tends to force the plasma near Io toward corotation. Io, however, orbits Jupiter more slowly, so the corotating plasma sweeps past Io at roughly 57 km/s. In the plasma/Io frame this produces That electric field is extremely important. When a neutral sulfur or oxygen atom from Io is ionized, it suddenly becomes a charged particle embedded in this electromagnetic environment. The electric field accelerates it, while the magnetic field bends its trajectory into gyromotion. The new ion is thereby “picked up” by the rotating plasma. ?genui?{“learning_viz”:{“type_id”:”ELECTRIC_FIELD”,”initial_values”:{“polarity”:”positive”}}}? But there is an even more interesting part of your question: where does the energy come from? It ultimately comes from Jupiter’s rotational energy. The freshly created ions are initially moving much more slowly than the corotating magnetospheric plasma. Bringing them toward corotation requires angular momentum. The electromagnetic current system transfers that angular momentum from Jupiter, through the magnetic field and ionosphere, into the plasma. Measurements and models put the pickup current associated with the fresh Io ions at roughly while the broader corotation current is around **10 MA**. ([DOI][1]) So your proposed chain is essentially: **Jupiter’s rotation ? rotating magnetic field/magnetosphere ? motional electric field ? ion pickup ? azimuthal momentum ? corotation of the Io plasma torus.** And there is a particularly interesting consequence for **Io itself**. The Jupiter–Io interaction establishes currents along the magnetic flux tube connecting Io and Jupiter. The resulting \(\mathbf J\times\mathbf B\) force acts on Io and its surrounding plasma. The reaction force on Io is generally **in the direction of Jupiter’s rotation**, transferring angular momentum from Jupiter’s rotational system to Io. ([JSTOR][2]) So yes: **Jupiter is effectively acting as a gigantic electromagnetic motor, with its rotation supplying energy and angular momentum to Io and the plasma torus.** The part I think is especially relevant to your previous question about a spiralling electron is that the **ions don’t simply get pushed azimuthally by an electric field**. Their motion involves the coupled \(E\), \(B\), gyromotion, and \(J\times B\) forces. We can trace the trajectory of a newly ionized \(S^+\) atom from Io and see exactly how its velocity changes from essentially stationary relative to Io to corotation with Jupiter. [1]: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja027485?utm_source=chatgpt.com “The Space Environment of Io and Europa – Bagenal – 2020 – Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics – Wiley Online Library” The fields of stars and planets capture The solar fields electromagnetically locked to rotation of the core and transfers the momentum of moving charges to the field with a vector force which increases the momentum of orbiting ions in the direction of core rotation, and powers super rotation of the solar atmosphere, solar wind and protoplanetary discs.
Atmospheric super-rotation is a phenomenon where a planet’s atmosphere rotates faster than the planet’s rotation. This is observed in the atmosphere of Venus, Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn. Venus exhibits the most extreme super-rotation, with its atmosphere circling the planet in 4 Earth days. The combination of high density atmosphere enormous angular momentum relative to the solid planet. Atmospheric super rotation is powered by electromagnetic coupling between the ionized cores of stars and planets and orbiting ions which transforms the momentum of moving charges into a vector force which increases the momentum of orbiting ions in the prograde direction and the transfer of momentum from the solid body. If we assume Venus was once in geosynchronous orbit with the sun and since then has transferred angular momentum to the atmosphere powering high velocity pro grade rotation of the atmosphere, in five earth days, which is balanced with a trough degrade torque, which is slowing Venus’s rotation speed if we assume it’s taken 1 billion years to slow the Venus rotation. From. 225 Earth days to 243 days Venus would slow approximately 18 days over 1 billion years or about 26 minutes per million years. ? The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up ionized gases and dust from Io’s thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second. This material is mostly ionized sulfur, oxygen, chlorine and sodium chloride dust. Io orbits Jupiter with a velocity of 17 km/sec. The Io plasma torus rotates with a velocity of about 74 km/sec. Since Io is embedded in the Io plasma torus, the torus plasma flows past Io with a relative velocity of 57 km/sec.
Scientists thought they knew the rate at which the giant moon Titan is moving away from Saturn, but they recently made a surprising discovery: Using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, they found Titan drifting a hundred times faster than previously understood — about 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year. The revised rate of its drift suggests the moon started out much closer to Saturn, which would mean the whole system expanded more quickly than previously believed. The three Galilean satellites are involved in orbital resonance, in which the orbital periods of Ganymede, Europa and Io are in a near 1:2:4 ratio and the mutual conjunctions of the Io–Europa pair and of the Europa–Ganymede pair precess around Jupiter at precisely the same rate.
Io and Ganymede are embedded in the high velocity ring current, and block and slow the current which pushes the moons, increasing their velocity, orbital momentum, and radius of their orbits. Io is increasing in mass the fastest of the 3 Galilean moon. One model suggests this resonance was progressively achieved after Io moved outward into a near 2:1 resonance with Europa, and then the Io–Europa pair moved outward until Ganymede was captured into its own near 2:1 resonance with Europa. The six planets of HD110067 form successive pairs of 3:2, 3:2, 3:2, 4:3, and 4:3 resonances, resulting in the closest planet completing six orbits while the outer-most planet does one. A proto-planetary disk is a rotating disc of ionized gas and dust accreting matter surrounding a young newly formed star, similar to accretion disks around black holes, except accretion discs are hotter and spin much faster. Scientists identify incredibly powerful winds in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The team used molecules exhumed by the 1994 impact of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 to trace winds in excess of 900 miles per hour, opposite to core rotation, near Jupiter’s poles. |
Atoms are Electrons and Positrons
