moments

Atmospheric super-rotation is a phenomenon where a planet’s atmosphere rotates faster than the planet’s rotation. This is observed in the atmosphere of Venus, Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn. Venus exhibits the most extreme super-rotation, with its atmosphere circling the planet in 4 Earth days, much faster than its planet’s own rotation in 243 earth days.

Moments captured by Jupiter’s field powers super-rotation of Jupiter’s atmosphere and powers high velocity counter-flowing electric currents around the poles, charged by planetary field lines grounded in atmosphere inside the auroral ovals which capture electrons from the solar wind.

Scientists identify incredibly powerful winds in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The team used molecules exhumed by the 1994 impact of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 to trace winds in excess of 900 miles per hour, opposite to core rotation, near Jupiter’s poles.

Moments captured by Jupiter’s field powers the high velocity counter flowing ion electric ring current around Io’s orbital path which traps and conducts counter flowing currents of electrons, captured from the solar wind, on field lines propagated around Io’s orbital path which transform momentum of spiralling charges into moments which increases the ion current velocity directly as the current amperage.

The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up ionized gases and dust from Io’s thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second. This material is mostly ionized sulfur, oxygen, chlorine and sodium chloride dust. Io orbits Jupiter with a velocity of 17 km/sec. The Io plasma torus rotates with a velocity of about 74 km/sec. Since Io is embedded in the Io plasma torus, the torus plasma flows past Io with a relative velocity of 57 km/sec.

Scientists thought they knew the rate at which the giant moon Titan is moving away from Saturn, but they recently made a surprising discovery: Using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, they found Titan drifting a hundred times faster than previously understood — about 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year. The revised rate of its drift suggests the moon started out much closer to Saturn, which would mean the whole system expanded more quickly than previously believed.