before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before deepwater oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental landmasses, the lithosphere draped the planet in an unbroken rocky shell, puntuated by volcanoes relieving internal pressure and increasing planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere as the planetary field increased mantle mass by transforming electrons and positrons into atoms.

Before deepwater oceans Earth and Mars were similar in mass and surface area and Earth and Mars have similar axial tilts and rotation periods, suggesting before the oceans the planets were in geo-synchroneous orbits between their present solar orbits. Earth’s climate before and after the Permian extinction suggest Earth was orbiting farther from the sun before the extinction.

Before the extinction Earth’s climate was temperate with ice ages and boreal forests, compared to after, during the Mesozoic when the climate was tropical without ice ages. Evidence of past rainfall suggests Mars may have orbited the sun in the past closer to the center of the habitable zone.

Observations of valley networks on Mars suggest formation by flowing water. However climate models cannot sustain temperatures above freezing. Researchers modeled the two theories for valley formation, from precipitation or temporarily melted ice from the edge of an ice cap. Their findings showed that the distribution of valley heads matches predictions for a climate that includes precipitation.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

Titanium deposits, only on the near side of the moon, suggest the moon’s surface may have been heated by atmospheric friction before impacting Earth, and knocking Earth and Mars out of geo-synchroneous orbits, on opposite trajectories into closer and further orbits from the sun.

Since the beginning of the Mesozoic era planetary mass has increased tenfold, surface gravity has increased two and a half times, and surface curvature has decreased from the surface curvature of Mars to the surface curvature of the deepwater oceans, now covering 70% of the planetary surface.

Earth’s tenfold increase in mass has increased Earth’s orbital momentum, the product of mass, orbital velocity and distance from the sun. Orbital momentum balances solar gravity and the increase in mass has a multiplier effect on earth’s orbital momentum and orbital distance from the sun.

This speculation is supported by the climate during the Mesozoic which was tropical without ice ages which have resumed only 2.5 million years ago.

The impact with the moon shattered the lithosphere into plates which began creation of the Pacific Ocean seabed, and the plates of the seabed have been spreading apart 25 km/million years since the beginning of the Mesozoic, pushing back the surrounding coastlines of the land masses in fold mountains and powering earthquakes and volcanic eruptions around the “ring of Fire”.

Formation of the Atlantic Ocean began at the end of the Mesozoic, when a meteor shattered the lithosphere creating stress cracks north and south from the impact point which have been spreading apart 25 km/million year at the mid Atlantic ridges for 65 million years.

The planetary field captures electrons from the solar wind and electrified weather systems charge the oceans, inducing a voltage potential between the oceans and core where electrons transform into field lines powering core electric currents through the electrolyte discharge from hydrothermal vents which transform the voltage potential across the lithosphere into photons which heats the discharge.

Seawater in hydrothermal vents may reach temperatures of over 700° Fahrenheit. Hot seawater in hydrothermal vents does not boil because of the extreme pressure at the depths where the vents are formed.

The electrical resistance of the discharge from hydrothermal vents increases directly as the voltage potential across the lithosphere. More frequent solar storms during the solar maximum increases the voltage potential across the lithosphere and heating of the discharge which increases Pacific Ocean temperatures at the end of each solar cycle.

A new study shows a correlation between solar cycles and a switch from El Nino to La Nina conditions in the Pacific Ocean. They found all five terminator events studied coincided with a flip from an El Nino to a La Nina. They found only a 1 in 5,000 chance all five terminator events would randomly coincide with the flip in ocean temperatures.

THE MESOZOIC ERA

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.