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BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS Before the deepwater oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses and with mass and surface area similar to the Mars, which has a very similar rotation period and axial tilt to Earth, suggesting the planets were once in geosynchronous orbits before formation of the deepwater oceans.
A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas. Titanium deposits only on the near side of the moon suggest the near side surface may have been heated by atmospheric friction before an impact with Earth knocked Earth out of geo-synchronous orbit with Mars, and the planets into orbits closer to and farther from the sun. Evidence the impact knocked Earth into a closer solar orbit is before the extinction Earth’s climate was temperate with boreal forests, ice caps and lengthy ice ages. After the extinction the climate was tropical without ice caps or ice ages.
The impact causing the extinction shattered the lithosphere into plates and created a depression which became the seabed of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean plates have been spreading for 250 million years and the Atlantic plates have been spreading for 65 million years which has increased planetary surface area two and a half times since the beginning of the Mesozoic. Atlantic Ocean Earth’s orbital momentum is the product of Earth’s mass, orbital velocity and distance from the sun which balances solar gravity and the orbital speed determines the distance from the sun which will balance solar gravity. Earth’s orbital speed is 30 km/sec and Mars orbital speed is 24 km/sec. The tenfold increase in earth’s mass since the beginning of the Mesozoic has had a multiplier effect which has increased Earth’s orbital momentum by an order of magnitude, without increasing the orbital velocity, since the beginning of the Mesozoic era, and increasing earth’s orbital distance from the sun. Evidence Earth is moving farther from the sun is 250 million years ago the climate was tropical without icecaps or ice-ages. Now Earth has icecaps during an interglacial period.
The tenfold increase in planetary mass has increased surface gravity 2.5 times since the beginning of the Mesozoic era , allowing terrestrial plants and animals to grow to prodigious sizes in reduced gravity. In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).
This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.
The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.
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Atoms are Electrons and Positrons
