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BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS Before the deepwater oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental landmasses, the lithosphere draped the mantle in an unbroken rocky shell and Earth was in geosynchronous orbit with Mars, with 24 hour orbital and rotational periods, halfway between their present solar orbits. Titanium deposits on the near side of the moon suggest the surface was heated by atmospheric friction before the impact knocked Earth out of geosynchronous orbit with Mars, before rebounding into geosynchronous orbit around earth. A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas. Evidence earth was in a closer orbit too the sun after the impact is before the extinction Earth’s climate was temperate with boreal forests, ice caps and lengthy ice ages. After the extinction the climate was tropical without ice caps or ice ages until recently and she’s logic history when icecaps and I said just have resumed. QUESTION: Assume Earth’s mass has increased tenfold since the Permian extinction and surface area of the planet has increased to 2.5 times times since the Permian extinction, could the spread rates of the oceanic plates since thenaccount for this growth? Chat GBT REPLY: Using the assumed values—a global mid-ocean ridge length of about 65,000 km and an average spreading rate of roughly 25 km per million years—it is possible to estimate how much new surface area could be created over the 250 million years since the Permian–Triassic extinction event. If the starting planet had the surface area of Mars—about 44 million km²—and this additional oceanic area were added through continuous spreading, the total planetary surface would grow to roughly 550 million km². Converting that surface area back into the radius of a sphere yields a radius of roughly 6,600 km, which is quite close to the modern radius of Earth, about 6,371 km. In purely geometric terms, therefore, the amount of crust that could be generated by spreading at the assumed rates over 250 million years is of the same order as the surface area required for a planet to grow from roughly Mars-sized to approximately the present dimensions of Earth. Atlantic Ocean The increase in surface area has decreased planetary surface curvature from the curvature of Mars to the curvature of the deepwater oceans. Causing earthquakes and tsunami as the landscape flattens. The tenfold increase in planetary mass has increased surface gravity 2.5 times since the beginning of the Mesozoic era , allowing terrestrial plants and animals to grow to prodigious sizes. In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).
This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.
The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.
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Atoms are Electrons and Positrons
