before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the deepwater oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses and surface area of the planet Mars. The similar rotation periods and axial tilts suggest before the deepwater oceans, when Mars and Earth were similar in size, the planets were in geosynchroneous orbits, midway between their present orbits.

Titanium deposits, only on the near side, suggest the moon’s surface may have been heated by atmospheric friction before impacting Earth. The plates of the Pacific ocean seabed have been spreading since the Permian Extinction, 250 million years ago, when an impact by the moon may have caused the extinction, knocked Earth out of orbit around Mars, into orbits closer to and further from the sun, and shattered the lithosphere into plates, creating a depression and seabed of the Pacific ocean, before rebounding into lunar orbit.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

Earth’s solar orbit is a balance between the attractive force of solar gravity and the angular momentum of Earth’s orbit, the product of earth’s mass, orbital velocity and distance from the sun. The tenfold increrase in mass has increased Earth’s orbital momentum and orbital distance from the sun and increased surface gravity two and a half times since the beginning of the Mesozoic.

Before the Permian Extinction the climate was temperate, with boreal forests, ice caps and ice ages. After the extinction, during the Mesozoic, the climate was tropical without ice caps or ice ages, suggesting Earth was further from the sun, and the resumption of ice caps and ice ages in the last 3 million years suggests Earth has been moving farther from the sun since the extinction.

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.