before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the deep water oceans Earth and Mars were the same mass and surface area, and locked in geosynchronous orbits halfway between their present solar orbits, until an impact with the moon knocked Earth out of geosynchronous orbit with Mars, releasing the planets on opposite trajectories into orbits, closer to and farther from the sun, with the planets retaining their rotational periods and axial tilts
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A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s near side indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding formation of these unique magmas.

Titanium deposits, only on the near side, suggest the near side surface of the moon was heated by atmospheric friction before impacting earth and rebounded into geosynchronous lunar orbit. Before the impact with the moon, the lithosphere was an unbroken rocky shell, stretched flat by internal pressure from transforming electrons and positrons into mantle elements, punctuated by volcanos which relieved internal pressure by eruptions and increased planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere.

The Siberian Traps were an immense episode of flood-basalt volcanism that occurred near the end of the Permian Period. Lava poured from thousands of long fissures across what is now Siberia over several hundred thousand years. The eruptions produced an estimated 3–5 million cubic kilometres of basaltic lava, enough to bury an area the size of Australia beneath successive lava flows that reached several kilometres in thickness in some places.

The impact with the moon shattered the lithosphere into plates which sprang apart, relieving internal pressure and creating a depression which became the seabed of the Pacific Ocean. Before the impact electrons captured by the field were conducted slowly through the lithosphere along ferrous conductors. After the impact, core electric currents were conducted through the discharge from hydrothermal vents which filled and fertilized the growing ocean basins.

Since the impact with the moon planetary tides began, planetary mass has increased tenfold, surface gravity has increased 2.5 times and surface area has increased from from the surface area of Mars to the surface area of Earth where deepwater oceans covers 71% of the planetary surface and surface curvature has decreased from surface curvature of Mars to surface curvature of the deepwater oceans causing earthquakes and tsunamis as the landscape flattens.

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

1. Argentinosaurus
Length: about 35–40 m (115–130 ft)
Mass: roughly 70–100 metric tons
When it lived: about 96–94 million years ago

2. Patagotitan mayorum
Length: about 37–40 m (121–131 ft)
Mass: about 60–75 metric tons
When it lived: about 101–95 million years ago
Where: Argentina

3. Dreadnoughtus schrani
Length: about 26–30 m (85–98 ft)
Mass: about 50–65 metric tons
When it lived: about 77 million years ago

4. Puertasaurus reuili
Length: about 30–35 m (98–115 ft)
Mass: perhaps 50–80 metric tons
When it lived: about 76–70 million years ago

5. Paralititan stromeri
Length: about 26–30 m (85–100 ft)
Mass: roughly 60–75 metric tons
When it lived: about 95–93 million years ago

FIVE LARGEST FLYING ANIMALS

The largest known flying animal in Earth’s history by weight is the giant azhdarchid pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus northropi, which weighed an estimated 200 to 250 kg (440 to 550 lbs).

The Kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is widely recognized by scientific institutions like the Natural History Museum as the heaviest living bird capable of flight, with large males weighing up to 19–40 kg (40–88 lbs).

1. Quetzalcoatlus northropi
Wingspan: 10–11 m (33–36 ft)
Weight: 200–250 kg (440–550 lb)
Lived: 68–66 million years ago
Location: North America

2. Hatzegopteryx thambema
Wingspan: 10–11 m (33–36 ft)
Weight: 220–250 kg (485–550 lb)
Lived: 70–66 million years ago
Location: Europe (Romania)

3. Cryodrakon boreas
Wingspan: up to 10 m (33 ft)
Weight: 180–220 kg (400–485 lb)
Lived: 76–74 million years ago
Location: North America (Canada)

4. Arambourgiania philadelphiae
Wingspan: 8–10 m (26–33 ft)
Weight: 150–200 kg (330–440 lb)
Lived: 72–66 million years ago

5. Thanatosdrakon amaru
Wingspan: about 9 m (30 ft)
Weight: 170–220 kg (375–485 lb)
Lived: about 86 million years ago