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BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS Before the Permian Extinction planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental landmasses, the lithosphere draped the mantle in an unbroken rocky shell and the planetary field captured electrons from the solar wind and transformed electrons and positrons into mantle elements which increased planetary mass and surface area, stretched flat from internal pressure which powered as volcanic eruptions which increased planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere.
Since the Permian extinction planetary surface area has increased as new lithosphere is created as magma upwells between the spreading oceanic plates of the deep water oceans, now covering 70% of the planetary surface, as planetary mass has increased tenfold, increasing surface gravity, 2 1/2 times, and decreasing surface curvature from the surface curvature of Mars to the surface capture of the deep water oceans, causing faults and earthquakes as the landscape flattens.
Before the Permian extinction Earth and Mars were similar in mass and in geosynchronous orbits, with the equal orbital periods and axial tilts, and solar orbits halfway between their present orbits when an impact knocked earth out of orbit with Mars and both into new orbits closer to and farther from the sun.
A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s near side surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.
Titanium deposits, only on the near side, suggest the lunar surface was heated by atmospheric friction before impacting Earth, shattering the lithosphere at the future location of the Pacific Ocean, causing the Permian extinction, knocking Earth out of orbit with Mars, and both into orbits closer to the sun, before rebounding into lunar orbit.
The impact with the moon caused the Permian extinction shattered the lithosphere into plates and creating a depression which became the sea bed of the Pacific Ocean so. 65 million years ago, a meteor impact shattered the lithosphere near the present location of the Gulf of Mexico and stress cracks through the lithosphere separated the Americas from Europe and Africa, which have been spreading apart for 65 million years. Assuming a global mid-ocean ridge length of 65,000 km and average spreading rate of 25 km/ million years, it is possible to estimate how much new surface area could be created over the 250 million years since the Permian–Triassic extinction event. If the Earth had the surface area of Mars—about 44 million km²—and this additional oceanic area were added through continuous seafloor spreading, the total planetary surface would grow to roughly 550 million km². Converting surface area back into the radius of a sphere yields a radius of roughly 6,600 km, which is quite close to the modern radius of Earth, about 6,371 km. In purely geometric terms, therefore, the amount of crust that could be generated by spreading at the assumed rates over 250 million years is of the same order as the surface area required for a planet to grow from roughly Mars-sized to approximately the present dimensions of Earth. SPREAD RATES OF THE OCEANIC PLATES Atlantic OceanNorth America – Eurasia — 20–30 km/Myr South America – Africa — 30–40 km/Myr Africa – Antarctica — 20–30 km/Myr Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean GRAVITY HAS INCREASED The tenfold mass increase in planetary mass has increased gravity 2 1/2× over the last 250 million years, resulting in evolution of the largest land animals and flying reptiles 60-100 million years ago with size decreasing gradually over the millenniaIn humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).
This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.
The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.
FIVE LARGEST LAND ANIMALS 1. ArgentinosaurusLength: about 35–40 m (115–130 ft) Mass: roughly 70–100 metric tons When it lived: about 96–94 million years ago 2. Patagotitan mayorum 3. Dreadnoughtus schrani 4. Puertasaurus reuili 5. Paralititan stromeri FIVE LARGEST FLYING ANIMALS 1. Quetzalcoatlus northropiWingspan: 10–11 m (33–36 ft) Weight: 200–250 kg (440–550 lb) Lived: 68–66 million years ago Location: North America 2. Hatzegopteryx thambema 3. Cryodrakon boreas 4. Arambourgiania philadelphiae 5. Thanatosdrakon amaru |
Atoms are Electrons and Positrons
