before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the oceans planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses, the lithosphere draped the surface in an unbroken rocky shell, with mass and surface area similar to the the planet Mars. Similar rotation periods and axial tilts suggest when Mars and Earth were similar in size, the planets were in geosynchroneous orbits.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

Titanium deposits, only on the near side of the moon, suggest the moon’s surface was heated by atmospheric friction and kinetic energy of the impact before shattering the lithosphere, rebounding into lunar orbit, and knocking Earth out of orbit with mars.

Before the Permian Extinction the climate was temperate, with boreal forests, ice caps and long ice ages. After the extinction, during the Mesozoic Era, the climate was tropical without ice caps or ice ages, suggesting Earth was further from the sun before the Extinction.

The radius of Earth’s solar orbit is the orbital distance where solar gravity is balanced by Earth’s orbital momentum, the product of Earth’s mass, velocity and orbital distance. Since the Permian extinction Earth’s mass has increased tenfold which has a multiplier effect, Earth’s orbital momentum and distance from the sun.

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.