before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

Before the deep water oceans Earth and Mars were the same mass surface area, and were locked in geosynchronous orbits halfway between their present solar orbits, until an impact knocked Earth out of geosynchronous orbit with Mars and released the planets on opposite trajectories into solar orbits, closer to and farther from the sun.

Titanium deposits only on the near side of the moon suggest the surface of the moon was heated by atmospheric friction before impacting earth, shattering the lithosphere causing the Permian extinction before rebounding into lunar orbit.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s near side indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding formation of these unique magmas.

Late Carboniferous (~300 Ma)
Icehouse large Gondwanan ice sheets

Early–Middle Permian (~290–270 Ma)
Alternating glacial and greenhouse conditions

Late Permian (~260–253 Ma)
increasingly arid enormous volcanic perturbation

P–T (~252 Ma)
Extreme hyper-thermal but with major oscillations

Early Triassic (~252–247 Ma)
Prolonged hothouse, with major thermal maximum

Middle–Late Triassic (~247–201 Ma)
Persistent greenhouse, major regional wet/dry cycles

Spreading of the deep water oceans has increased planetary mass tenfold and surface gravity has increased 2.5 times as

1. Argentinosaurus
Length: about 35–40 m (115–130 ft)
Mass: roughly 70–100 metric tons
When it lived: about 96–94 million years ago

2. Patagotitan mayorum
Length: about 37–40 m (121–131 ft)
Mass: about 60–75 metric tons
When it lived: about 101–95 million years ago
Where: Argentina

3. Dreadnoughtus schrani
Length: about 26–30 m (85–98 ft)
Mass: about 50–65 metric tons
When it lived: about 77 million years ago

4. Puertasaurus reuili
Length: about 30–35 m (98–115 ft)
Mass: perhaps 50–80 metric tons
When it lived: about 76–70 million years ago

5. Paralititan stromeri
Length: about 26–30 m (85–100 ft)
Mass: roughly 60–75 metric tons
When it lived: about 95–93 million years ago

The Kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is widely recognized by scientific institutions like the Natural History Museum as the heaviest living bird capable of flight, with large males weighing up to 19–40 kg (40–88 lbs).

The largest known flying animal in Earth’s history by weight is the giant azhdarchid pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus northropi, which weighed an estimated 200 to 250 kg (440 to 550 lbs).

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

FIVE LARGEST FLYING ANIMALS

2. Hatzegopteryx thambema
Wingspan: 10–11 m (33–36 ft)
Weight: 220–250 kg (485–550 lb)
Lived: 70–66 million years ago
Location: Europe (Romania)

3. Cryodrakon boreas
Wingspan: up to 10 m (33 ft)
Weight: 180–220 kg (400–485 lb)
Lived: 76–74 million years ago
Location: North America (Canada)

4. Arambourgiania philadelphiae
Wingspan: 8–10 m (26–33 ft)
Weight: 150–200 kg (330–440 lb)
Lived: 72–66 million years ago

5. Thanatosdrakon amaru
Wingspan: about 9 m (30 ft)
Weight: 170–220 kg (375–485 lb)
Lived: about 86 million years ago

Before the impact the lithosphere draped the planet in an unbroken rocky shell punctuated by volcanoes which relieved internal pressure, from transformation of electrons and positrons into atoms by the field, with volcanic eruptions increasing planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere.

The Siberian Traps were an immense episode of flood-basalt volcanism that occurred about 252 million years ago near the end of the Permian Period. lava poured from thousands of long fissures across what is now Siberia over several hundred thousand years. The eruptions produced an estimated 3–5 million cubic kilometres of basaltic lava, enough to bury an area the size of Australia beneath successive lava flows that reached several kilometres in thickness in some places.