before oceans

BEFORE THE DEEPWATER OCEANS

The plates of the Pacific ocean seabed have been spreading 25 km/million years since the beginning of the Mesozoic Era when planetary surface area was equal to the surface area of the continental land masses and the lithosphere draped the mantle in an unbroken shell puntuated by volcanoes which relieved internal pressure by volcanic eruptions and increased planetary surface area by thickening the lithosphere.

The surface area of the continental land masses is equal to the surface area of mars and the similar rotation periods and axial tilts of Earth and Mars suggest before the Mesozoic era Earth and Mars were in geosynchroneous orbits, midway between their present orbits.

A map of the titanium abundances on the Moon’s surface indicates extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. We mimicked the high-Titanium basalts using high-temperature experiments clearly demonstrating how the melt-solid reaction is integral in understanding the formation of these unique magmas.

An impact with the moon could have knocked Earth out of orbit with Mars. Titanium deposits, only on the near side of the moon, suggest the surface may have been heated by atmospheric friction before an impact with Earth which shattered the lithosphere into plates, before rebounding into the lunar orbit.

Before the Permian Extinction the climate was temperate, with boreal forests and ice ages. After the extinction, throughout the Mesozoic, the climate was tropical without ice ages, suggesting Earth was farther from the sun after the Permian Extinction anbdince the extinction the climate has cooled until ice ages have resumed in the last 3 million years, suggesting Earth has been moving farther from the sun since the extinction.

Earth’s solar distance is a balance between the attractive force of solar gravity and the angular momentum of Earth’s solar orbit, product of earth’s mass, velocity, and orbital distance, and increasing the mass or velocity of an orbiting body has a multiplier effect on the orbital angular momentum. Since the extinction Earth’s mass has increased tenfold which has increased Earth’s orbital momentum by an order of magnitude, and orbital distance from the sun.

In humans and bovids, cortical bone has been evaluated to withstand maximum stress. Hence, within the context of comparable loading regimes, the mechanical state of each sauropod model examined suggests that all skeletal pedal postures would most likely have resulted in mechanical failure (e.g., stress fractures).

This state would have been intensified when subjected to repetitive heavy loadings, as would be expected during normal locomotion, ultimately resulting in fatigue fracture in all digits. Being unable to support or move properly, the high probability of mechanical failure would have had a substantial impact on the animal’s survival.

The huge Quetzalcoatlus northropi lived 70 million years ago, stood as tall as a giraffe on the ground, more than five meters tall and weighed 250 kilograms. The Kori bustard is the heaviest living animal that can fly. Males weigh between 10 and 16 kilograms and the biggest up to 23 kg. For comparison, the wandering albatross has a larger wingspan, but only the biggest reach even 16 kg.