moments

DIPOLE MOMENTS

Atmospheric super-rotation is a phenomenon where a planet’s atmosphere rotates faster than the planet’s rotation. This is observed in the atmosphere of Venus, Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn. Venus exhibits the most extreme super-rotation, with its atmosphere circling the planet in 4 Earth days, much faster than its planet’s own rotation in 243 earth days.

Jupiter’s atmosphere reach speeds of around 335 miles per hour (539 km/h) at the equator, with the extreme speeds found within the Great Red Spot exceeding 400 mph (644 km/h). Scientists identify incredibly powerful winds in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The team used molecules exhumed by the 1994 impact of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 to trace winds in excess of 900 miles per hour, in the opposite direction near Jupiter’s poles.

Jupiter’s ionized rotating core transforms the momentum of moving charges into dipole moments. The sum of moments is captured by Jupiter’s field which increases momentum of orbiting ions in the direction of core rotation powering atmospheric super-rotation and counterflowing currents around the poles, charged by field lines grounded in the auroral ovals which capture electrons from the solar wind.

The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up ionized gases and dust from Io’s thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second. This material is mostly ionized sulfur, oxygen, chlorine and sodium chloride dust. The plasma torus rotates with a velocity of about 74 km/sec. Io orbits Jupiter with a velocity of 17 km/sec and the plasma torus flows past Io with a relative velocity of 57 km/sec.

Moments captured by Jupiter’s field also power the high velocity ring current of heavy ions around Io’s orbital path and, blocked by Io’s mass, reduces the velocity of orbiting ions and increases Io’s velocity, momentum and orbital distance.

Black holes can spin extremely fast, approaching the theoretical maximum which is 84% of the speed of light. Some black holes, like GRS 1915+105, have been observed to rotate over 1,000 times per second, close to the theoretical limit.

The rotating cores of black holes transform the momentum of moving charges into moments and the sum of moments powers accretion disk ring currents, in the direction of rotation, which transform the momentum of moving charges into moments and the sum of moments into a dipole field along the accretion disk rotation axis which electrically attracts ions and electrons to opposite poles of the black hole field.